Utilities are often an unappreciated part of New York City's history and operation. In a maze of underground wires, pipes and tunnels, the flow of electricity, gas and water allow the city's large population to live and work in a relatively confined area. The discoveries of Thomas Edison and the construction of a reservoir system to bring water from the north have contributed to the development of airports, apartment buildings, bridges, skyscrapers and mass transportation. These structures in turn support the city's position as an international business and cultural center.

Utilities also have limitations. Excessive demand can deplete natural resources and cause blackouts and rationing. Some utilities, like nuclear power, spark controversy regarding public safety. One of New York City's greatest challenges in the 21st century is the discovery of new technologies and energy sources that will provide for sustained growth and prosperity.